Round one had gone to the Americans and Australians who had ejected the. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. At Kokoda [between Port Moresby and Buna] 268 documents were captured, at Buna 1,349, at Lae [eastern New Guinea] 1,562, while at Saipan in July 1944 the figure reached at least 27 tons.[14]. [20], I Corps under Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger provided most of the ground forces for the combined Operations Reckless and Persecution. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. Rabaul became the forward base for the Japanese campaigns in mainland New Guinea, including the pivotal Kokoda Track campaign of July 1942 - January 1943, and the Battle of Buna-Gona. Subsequently, Supplements No. The first major collection of captured Japanese documents in the Pacific Theater was made in August 1942 when the 1st Marine Raider Battalion, under Col. Evans Carlson and Lt. Col. James Roosevelt, made a harassing raid on Makin Island in the Gilberts. When Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in the late spring of 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. The first appeared on October 19, 1944, and as of September 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published. Before June, between 20 and 25 P-39s had been lost in air combat, while three more had been destroyed on the ground and eight had been destroyed in landings by accident. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. [67], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}23158.8S 140431.2E / 2.533000S 140.717000E / -2.533000; 140.717000. The Japanese had already captured Rabaul, the capital of the Australian-controlled territory of New Guinea, on 23 January 1942, and early in February Australian and Dutch forces surrendered the island of Ambon in the Netherlands East Indies (modern Indonesia). The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. Reports were issued when sufficient information on any subject had been collated to warrant publication. target: "#hbspt-form-1677759698000-1549361125", [9] See Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., [10] The Armys Counter Intelligence Corps faced similar problems with souvenir hunters. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. This document was immediately translated and subsequently provided new bombing targets for the B-29s over Japan and during the early occupation provided a means of quickly locating and seizing armaments. New Guinean porters carry a load through the jungle. According to Morison, the Japanese "never again risked a transport larger than a small coaster or barge in waters shadowed by American planes. Instances were noted of officers completely out of their depth, of men eating meals when they should have been on the firing line, even of cowardice. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. German New Guinea Stamps, Dutch Dutch & Colonies Cover Stamps, Dutch Stamps, This material was translated by ATIS in May 1945 and provided Allied naval commanders with immediate intelligence regarding a variety of topics. During the early days of the war the Japanese forces were advancing. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. They were carrying Admiral Mineichi Koga, commander in chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy, and his staff, including Vice Admiral Shegeru Fukudome, who was carrying the Z plan documents and the associated cipher system. On 24 April, the beach became more congested with the arrival of scheduled reinforcements and further equipment, as well as two transports and seven LSTs carrying troops, including the corps commander and his headquarters, which had been diverted from Tanahmerah Bay. The naval command in the Southwest Pacific remained unchanged. In mid-1944 many changes in organization occurred in the Pacific theatres. It would commit all the remaining Japanese naval power to one last major battle with the Allies. In the Southwest Pacific Area, aside from the creation of the Far Eastern Air Force, there were few changes. In the first months of 1942, the Japanese launched further attacks against British Burma, Australian-administered New Guinea and Papua, and the islands of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). By December 27, 1942, 1,100 Japanese documents had been received at the Advanced Land Headquarters, Brisbane, from the New Guinea area. In mid-July 1944, near Moemi, soldiers recovered three cases of buried records, including seven important documents that a Japanese deserter had led them to. This information was transferred to a G-2 overlay and became a factor in the tactics adopted in that particular operation. SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. 92). Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. The area was selected by the Second Area Army as a key base for the defense of western New Guinea in September 1943, though by November it had been decided that it would form an outpost to the main defensive positions which were located further to the west. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. With the occupation of Morotai, the long drive up the New Guinea coast was strategically completed. Nowhere in the modern world has an armed liberation struggle persisted for so long - nearly 30 years - and with such secrecy, as the West Papuan war of resistance against the military government of Indonesia. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. Documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Pearl Harbor attack. It was not just on the islands that important information was captured. The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translation. "[19] Thus was the overland threat to Port Moresby permanently removed. In the meantime another landing was made at Aitape in Australian New Guinea, about 125 miles (roughly 200 km) southeast of Hollandia, where Australian engineers soon completed an airstrip. At the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police) headquarters they found numerous lists of names and evidence of collaboration and disloyalty to the Philippines and the United States. 7 was cancelled and no record is held that No. Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 09:02. Achieving complete surprise, they were able to destroy 340 aircraft on the ground and 60 more aircraft in the air, leaving the 6th Air Division unable to resist the planned invasion. This attack, which was designated Operation Cockpit, aimed to prevent the Japanese from transferring air units stationed near Singapore to New Guinea. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison summed up the results this way: the enemy had shot his bolt; he never showed up again in these waters. The most important find was a set of plans and specifications for some of the defenses encountered on the island. Once Manila and its environs had been captured, CIC search and seizure teams located and took custody of large quantities of Japanese documents. The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. Other organizations were established throughout the Pacific Theater to translate and exploit the records. Such experiments led to improvements in naval gunfire techniques and infantry tactics in time for the Marshalls operation. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. Horikoshi, upon arrival at ATIS, at first denied all knowledge of any atrocities but on being confronted with his diary, admitted that such things had occurred. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress. The plane in which Fukudome was flying also crashed into the sea, near the island of Cebu. [4][32] The shortage of shipping meant that each ship had to be loaded as efficiently as possible, using a technique known as combat loading to ensure that the most important stores and equipment could be unloaded quickly. On November 4th, a Japanese 16th Division Operations Order, dated October 31st, was captured. 87 (Japanese Mines and Minesweeping); and, Nos. [20], Since Port Moresby was the only port supporting operations in Papua, its defence was critical to the campaign. During the landing, the first JICPOA team accompanied the invasion forces. [33], Initial operations commenced in the second week of March 1944 with air raids by aircraft of the U.S. 5th Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force attacked Japanese airfields along the New Guinea coast from Wewak to the Vogelkop and on Biak Island. [9] The documents were quickly brought back to Hawaii. This translation aided materially in speeding up the execution of the subsequent attack on Saipan and other Japanese bases in the Pacific, which occurred shortly thereafter. The Americans landed at Hollandia and Aitape simultaneously on 22 April with the aim of bypassing the Japanese stronghold at Wewak and thus leaving the Japanese 18th Army isolated and cut off there. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. A Japanese carrier pigeon landed on a US transport on the way to Kwajalen Atoll in the Marianas. Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Navys campaign in the central Pacific. Before the end of May 1944 the 41st Infantry Division moved westward from Hollandia and made a landing on the little island of Biak. The operation consisted of two landings, one at Tanahmerah Bay and the other at Humboldt Bay, near Hollandia. Similar JICPOA teams participated in succeeding amphibious assaults to examine prisoners and documents for intelligence of immediate tactical value. They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. Publication No. The Navy played a crucial role in operations to take Japanese airfields. [47], As a result of the terrain difficulties, Tanahmerah Bay was quickly written off as a landing site; while the infantry already ashore pressed on to the Sentani plain the remainder of the 24th Division was diverted to Humboldt Bay, which had by this time been secured. [45], "At 1400 the Russell Island radar screen became milky with traces of bogeys and Guadalcanal broadcast "Condition Red," followed shortly by an unprecedented "Condition Very Red. "Within a few days, the enemy was retreating from the Wau Valley, where he had suffered a serious defeat, harassed all the way back to Mubo"[37] About one week later, the Japanese completed their evacuation of Guadalcanal. Interrogation of a prisoner confirmed the fact that supplies were being unloaded at Lae from enemy submarines. [7], MacArthur met with the commander of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, at Brisbane between 25 and 27 March to discuss the role of the Navy in the operation. [30], The D'Entrecasteaux Islands lie directly off the northeast coast of the lower portion of the Papuan peninsula. [5] The first Nisei linguists were tested when the Marines invaded Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942 and flew prisoners of war and captured Japanese documents were sent a short distance away to New Caledonia for processing by the Nisei language team attached to Task Force 6814. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. Neither Kitazono nor Endo had been able to prepare a comprehensive defensive plan, and in any event had neither the men nor the resources to carry it out. [18] A large number of Japanese aircraft were stationed at airfields near Hollandia in March 1944. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. The other landing would be made at Humboldt Bay by two RCTs (the 162nd and 186th) of the 41st Division. [15] Under a memorandum of August 27, 1945, CIC was ordered to cease its investigation of wartime collaborators in the Philippines on September 2nd and turn over all records, together with over 5,000 interned Filipinos charged with treason, collaboration and subversive activities, to the Department of Justice of the Philippine Commonwealth Government. This was done to fool the Japanese into believing that the documents had not been discovered by the Allies. Also produced were ATIS Publications. The westernmost tip of New Guinea fell into Allied hands in the same month when elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Division occupied the Sansapor-Mar area of Vogelkop Peninsula. 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. Although the quantity of documents captured in South East Asia and China were not as voluminous as those found elsewhere, nevertheless there were major collections captured. Fukudome was still carrying the Z Plan and the cipher codes. Most important of all, the bombers of MacArthur's air forces, under the command of Lieutenant General George C. Kenney, had been modified to enable new offensive tactics. Seven LSTs were also assigned. Beleaguered, the survivors of the Japanese garrison were evacuated by submarine on the night of 26 October. It was later thought that 3000 troops from the 6th Sea Detachment were in the area, and reinforcements were being rapidly transferred there. ATIS was established on September 19, 1942, and was headquartered in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. [10], The colonial capital of Port Moresby on the south coast of Papua was the strategic key for the Japanese in this area of operations. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. Written orders including route, objective of raid, and extent to which enemy intended to rely on these new tactics were also included. MacArthur was now determined to liberate the island as a stepping-stone to the reconquest of the Philippines. Ultimately, a major air and staging base was developed in the Hollandia area and most of the higher headquarters in the Southwest Pacific area established their command posts there during the summer of 1944. 17 with Allied and Japanese Operations Among Natives of Dutch New Guinea; No. As in most Pacific War campaigns, disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action. Adachi ignored this order, and instead decided to concentrate his troops at Hansa Bay and Wewak. In early 1945, in the vicinity of Bhamo in northern Burma, CIC CIT No. the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. [36] The air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces in New Guinea. [33], Operation Lilliput (18 December 1942 June 1943) was an ongoing resupply operation ferrying troops and supplies from Milne Bay, at the tip of the Papuan Peninsula, to Oro Bay, a little more than halfway between Milne Bay and the BunaGona area. [18] For more information regarding the Z Plan see my article The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I and Part II in Prologue, Vol. The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. ATIS Inventories were also prepared. Gen. Millard F. Harmon, who was also subordinate to Nimitz. 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). Due to USAAF doctrine and a lack of long-range escorts, long-range bomber raids on targets like Rabaul went in unescorted and suffered heavy losses, prompting severe criticism of Lieutenant General George Brett by war correspondents for misusing his forces. [48] These meager results were not commensurate with either the resources expended or the expectations that had been promoted. In July and August 1945 CIC agents gathered more documents at Kweilin in southern China on the Gui River. However, this is contradictory to the total number of Japanese combat deaths calculated across most individual battles in the campaign. Even before the war ended, ATIS was exploiting captured records for war crimes purposes. By 26 April, U.S. troops secured the two eastern airfields, and later that day linked up with forces advancing from the 24th Division advancing from Tanahmerah Bay. [citation needed]. The campaign was long and arduous, but by the end of 1944 the Japanese threat was contained in New Guinea. It showed the units to which they belonged. Fortunately, one American officer wrote in 1944, the enemy as a nation is addicted to keeping diaries, and converting everything into writing.. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. [22] The cost to the Allied fighters was high. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. Adachi's decision may have been motivated by a belief that Hansa Bay would be the target of the next Allied amphibious landing and that he could reinforce Hollandia at a later date. 14) was published and entitled Japanese Violations of the Laws of War. The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translator. The Japanese occupied the village with an initial force of 1,500 on 21 July and by 22 August had 11,430 men under arms at Buna. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. The U.S. 24th Division's 19th and 21st Regimental Combat Teams (RCTs) were to land at Tanahmerah Bay. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. [52], Seven LSTs and the Australian transport Westralia were unloaded over the shore at White 1, landing 4,200 tonnes of combat supplies and over 300 vehicles on the first day. Most regrettable!!' The defeat of the Japanese invasion of Milne Bay by 5 September 1942 was the first Allied land victory over the Japanese. A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. The Japanese 18th Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American corps), under Lieutenant General Hataz Adachi, was responsible for Japanese operations on mainland New Guinea. graduate Hollandia. }); The Capture and Exploitation of Japanese Records during World War II, From Rabaul to Stack 190: The Travels of a Famous Japanese Army Publication., Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,, The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,, The Sinking of the Japanese Submarine I-1 off of Guadalcanal and the Recovery of its Secret Documents., A Letter from Somewhere in Burma, June 1944, Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., The Marines and Japanese Souvenirs on Guadalcanal August-October 1942, Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942., The National Archives Arthur Evarts Kimberly and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Sections Document Restoration Sub-Section, 1944-1945., The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I, Allied Translator and Interpreter Section. . [6] The Joint Chiefs of Staff also directed the United States Pacific Fleet to assign aircraft carriers to provide air support for the landings. [6] See The Sinking of the Japanese Submarine I-1 off of Guadalcanal and the Recovery of its Secret Documents., [7] See A Letter from Somewhere in Burma, June 1944. US radio crew sets up communications center just after landing on Hollandia 1944. Advancing on Australia The Japanese effort at the start of World War Two was focused on conquest. In early April 1943, a Japanese map was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New Guinea. per cubic foot, this works out to 1,350 cubic feet of records. Allied planners believed that the two beaches were connected by a road, and that another road suitable for vehicle traffic ran inland towards Lake Sentani. The landing was unopposed as the enemy garrison indicated its intention of surrendering by hoisting a white flag at the first sight of the invasion force. The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United States Army infantry divisions being committed on the ground. The following month at least 20 fighters were lost in combat, while eight were destroyed in July. In March General Hatazo Adachi, the commander of the Japanese 18th Army, was ordered by the Second Area Army to withdraw his forces west from the Madang-Hansa Bay area to Hollandia, with one division to be dispatched there immediately. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. West Papua is the western half of the island of New Guinea, formerly known as Dutch New Guinea. [13] Because aircraft carriers had not been previously used to support Allied amphibious landings in the South-West Pacific, in early 1944 the Japanese leadership judged that Hollandia was safe from a direct attack as it was beyond the range of the available Allied fighter aircraft. The unit was in effect a miniature ATIS, with various sections, coordinating the production of translation and interrogation reports of immediate operation value. 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