All U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 results for Franz Khler. Graybacks was the The Southern Baptists sent a total of 78 missionaries, starting in 1862. Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy: Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the Confederate States War Department, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026; another is 226,000. Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. Confederate soldiers were called Rebels and Rebs, or simply "Johnny Reb." Confederate citizens and soldiers being called rebels and being considered part of a rebellion was an attempt to discredit the concept of the Confederacy being a separate country. Most of the men whose names appear in this index served with units from 15 different states or territories; others were soldiers raised directly by the Confederate government, generals and staff officers, and other enlisted men not associated with a regiment. In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. However, no Indian regiment was to be called on to fight outside Indian Territory. Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the American Civil War. The following calls for soldiers were issued: The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam campaign. Get a free answer to a quick problem. Both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large, mostly volunteer, armies,[15][16] with the opposing objectives: putting down the rebellion and preserving the Union on the one hand, and establishing independence from the United States on the other. Help with grammar, French, SAT Writing, the TOEFL and ESL. formerly, a volunteer force of soldiers. By Sam Smith February 10, 2015 Updated February 23, 2022. For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. Sources: Edit Search New Search. The Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War,[65] served as commander-in-chief and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces. In his 2010 book Major Problems in the Civil War, historian Michael Perman says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years: Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Confederate soldiers were also called In war, enemy soldiers are given nicknames. Webb Garrison, a Civil War historian, describes their response: when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm. The Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861-1865 Daniel Library Stacks Call Number E548 .H4. But there was no official recruitment of black soldiers in the Confederate army until the very end of the war" He continued, "But Appomattox came only a few weeks later, and none of these men were ever put in uniform to fight. David G. Smith, "Race and Retaliation: The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign." An acrimonious and controversial debate was raised by a letter from Patrick Cleburne[106] urging the Confederacy to raise black soldiers by offering emancipation; Jefferson Davis refused to consider the proposal and issued instructions forbidding the matter from being discussed. This was a decision made early in the conflict. [91][92] According to abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet in 1862, he had met a slave who "had unwillingly fought on the side of Rebellion", but the slave had since defected to "the side of Union and universal liberty". Union slodiers - Yanks or Yankees . This database contains an index of compiled military service records for volunteer Union soldiers who served with units organized in more than 20 states and territories, including states in the Confederacy. According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson, in his book For Cause and Comrades, most Confederate volunteers stated they were fighting for liberty as well as slavery while many of the Union soldiers stated they fought to end slavery and preserve the union. Can proteins have polar and non polar regions? Outside Savannah, Georgia $30,000,000 worth of Confederate gold, stamped "Confederate States of America Treasury" is said to have been buried under the name of a Confederate general between two false generals in a cemetery. During the Jim Crow era and even through the MLKing years of peaceful demonstrations, more than 700 monuments were part of roughly 1,500 symbols (such as naming schools, streets and Army bases) of the Confederacy in public spaces. [92], During the siege of Yorktown, The United States Army's elite sniper unit, the 1st United States Sharpshooters, was devastatingly effective at shooting Confederate artillerymen defending the city. The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies, named after their primary area of operation. "[45] A North Carolinian soldier stated, "[A] white man is better than a nigger. A Chance for Active Service. Michael Quinion and Patrick Hanks argue that the term comes from the Dutch name Janneke, a diminutive form of Jan (John) which would be Anglicized as Yankee due to the Dutch pronunciation of J as the English Y. Indeed, while about one-third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so. The Choctaws, who were expecting support from the Confederates, got little. According to his analysis, the soldiers' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades; it was a shield against fear; it helped reduce drinking and fighting in the ranks; it enlarged the soldiers' community of close friends and helped compensate for their long-term separation from home.[38][39]. Army.[73]. soldiers. 3.5 to 4 million soldiers fought in the civil war. Kirkland was born in Flat Rock, in Kershaw County, South Carolina. By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy Established. [130][131], Compared to the Union Army at the time, the Confederate Army was not very ethnically diverse. Presbyterians were even more active, with 112 missionaries sent in early 1865. A link to the app was sent to your phone. The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. On September 27, the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45. The central government was short of money so each state government had to supply its regiments. The truth of the story has been disputed. Hone your math skills with our flashcards! And Maryland's nickname "Old Line" refers to the steadfast Maryland troops from the era of the American Revolution. Officers' uniforms bore a braided design on the sleeves and kepi, the number of adjacent strips (and therefore the width of the lines of the design) denoting rank. On December 13, 1862, Kirkland's unit had formed at the stone wall at the base of "Marye's Heights" near Fredericksburg, Virginia. What were the nicknames for the Union and Confederate soldiers? Confederates called the union soldiers Yankees. These records contain both military and personal details and are useful for locating an ancestor in time and place and tracking his movements during the course of the Civil War. They promised to give us our freedom and money besides, but none of us believed them; we only fought because we had to." Nicknames for U.S. What was of the nickname of the Union Army? At some point during the day, Kirkland allegedly approached Confederate Brig. Regiments were commanded by colonels. General Sherman's total warfare reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities. For example, at the pivotal Battle of Chancellorsville, the average U.S. Army infantry regiment's strength was 433 men, versus 409 for Confederate infantry regiments. Johnny Reb is the national personification of the common soldier of the Confederacy. On the night of December 13, walking wounded made their way to the field hospital while those who were disabled were forced to remain on the battlefield. Nichols Publishing Co, 1922.Lanser, Amanda. In December 1863, it abolished the practice of allowing a rich drafted man to hire a substitute to take his place in the ranks. greyback, Johnny, Johnny Reb, Reb, Rebel - `Johnny' was applied The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13, 1862, but wartime difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals. [79], By 1863, Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men, as they did in planning strategy and tactics. The following are some facts about Confederate soldiers in the American Civil War: According to the Oxford Companion to American Military History, the best estimate of total Confederate soldiers range from 850,000 to 900,000. There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy. The Confederate States of America (often called the Confederates or the Rebels) was comprised of the eleven Southern states that broke away from the Union between 1860-1861, around the start of the Civil War. Estimates of enlistments throughout the war range from 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.[60]. Be the first one to, The roster of Confederate soldiers, 1861-1865, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Confederate States of America. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw, also from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and informed him that he wished to help the wounded Union soldiers. Many of those remaining on the battlefield were still alive, but suffering terribly from their wounds and a lack of water. While I think the slavery was certainly a significant catalyst (along with tariffs & internal improvements) for the war, once started the Southern objective was simple: obtain independence in a national liberation struggle. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. Some of the more important armies and their commanders were: Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets. Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity, he would have turned against his Confederate captors, and "could do it with pleasure". He had also been a United States senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. The first few states to join hands in the formation of the Confederacy were South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. "[53], Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations. Lee's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania (a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies, especially food.[80]. greyback (because of the color of their uniform), Johnny Reb, The city was soon filled with some 1,000 government members, 7,000 civil servants, and scores of rowdy Confederate soldiers itching for battle. McPherson admits some flaws in his sampling of letters. [12][13] The United States, outraged by the Confederacy's attack, demanded war. Confederate soldiers had a variety of nicknames, such as Reb, Johnny Reb, Greyback, Rebels, Secesh, Butternuts and Johnnies, according to Josephus Nelson Larned in his book The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research: During the first year of the war [of the rebellion in the United States] the Union soldiers commonly called their opponents, Rebs and Secesh; in 1862, Confeds; in 1863 Graybacks and Butternuts and in 1864, Johnnies. The nickname Butternuts was given the Confederates on account of their homespun clothes, dyed reddish-brown with a dye made of butternut bark. Co. Collection Choose an expert and meet online. The C.S. Many soldiers went home temporarily ("Absent Without Official Leave") and quietly returned when their family problems had been resolved. At first, it was thought that the Union would open fire, which would result in the Confederacy returning fire, resulting in Kirkland being caught in a crossfire. Item Code: 2022-2311. The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate army's demise. The task of compiling these records for Confederate soldiers began in 1903. LII, Part 2, pp. These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us. [121], James McPherson states that "Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender. [32], The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. By September 1864, however, President Davis publicly admitted that two-thirds of the soldiers were absent, "most of them without leave". This is union and confederate combined. Confederate guerrillas were called I have a great-great step-grandfather who was a doctor in the 1st LA Cavalry during the War of Northern Aggression. Companies were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants. Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date. General Kershaw later stated that he observed Kirkland for more than an hour and a half. Prominent Confederates such as R. M. T. Hunter and Georgian Democrat Howell Cobb opposed arming slaves, saying that it was "suicidal" and would run contrary to the Confederacy's ideology. The 385,000 White Landowners who owned slaves fought to keep 3,000 millions slaves as their property because they became extremely wealthy by owning them. Continuing, McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers' letters he had examined, none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever: Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. At least one major was next in command. The kepi was rarely used, the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate. Another informal name for the entire southern region, which persists today in fact, is "Dixie," after the title of a popular song at the time which became the unofficial anthem of the Confederacy (or perhaps sometime during the Civil War it may have been officially designated as the South's anthem, I'm not sure). They were also Since some Confederate soldiers would have died for these reasons, more total deaths and total casualties for the Confederacy must have occurred. In an open-air industrial area in Richmond, Virginia, lie the remains of Confederate statues. Choctaw Confederate battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause. This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as the construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons. Age of conscription was extended to 45 war soldiers the nicknames for the Union Army the. 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